other social experiments in Russia

The Bolshevik party took control of Russia in 1917. They didn't control the whole of Russia to begin with although they controlled the two big cities, Petrograd and Moscow. It took them a while to take control of the whole of Russia, this was the civil war, and in the meantime there were other governments.

The Bolsheviks would have accepted the democratically elected parliament - the Constituent Assembly - if they had had a majority. They didn't though and so Lenin had it closed. Some of the elected members of the Constituent Assembly fled for their lives, such as the family of the American author Nabokov.

Others went to a city called Samara where for a time they had their own state, dominated by the Socialist Revolutionary Party. This was a non-Marxist socialist party popular among the peasants because they believed in redistribution of land from landlords to peasants. Having said that though, the Samara government (Komuch) didn't enact land redistribution, at least not from land owners to peasants.

Other SRs decided to back Lenin because he said he believed in land reform. The Samara government despite their democratic legitimacy didn't last long. Military defeats and political intrigues brought about their end.

The Bolsheviks could always claim that soviet democracy was better than parliamentary democracy anyway. Soviets were to begin with councils elected by workers, soldiers and peasants. That fitted Marxist ideology. It seems that soviets were genuinely democratic to begin with but then Lenin and Trotsky managed to dominate them, giving the Bolsheviks a spurious semi-legitimacy.

Another Marxist party was the Menshevik Party. The original Marxist party split into two, the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Mensheviks managed to get control of Georgia and their government lasted a couple of years before the Red Army defeated them. Unlike the Komuch, the Mensheviks in Georgia really did redistribute land to the peasants.

Alexander Antonov was a Socialist Revolutionary who controlled large areas of Russia centred on the town of Tambov. His army was called the Blue Army, unlike other anti-Bolsheviks who were called Greens.

The other interesting social experiment was the Anarchist region in the Ukraine. Nestor Makhno was the leading figure in this region. Towards the end of the civil war his army backed the Bolsheviks and became absorbed into the Red Army. Makhno managed to flee Russia otherwise he would probably been murdered by Lenin's secret police, the dreaded Cheka.

Maria Nikiforova, was another Anarchist. Her group was called the Black Guards. Anarchists were Black, Bolsheviks were Red, anti-Bolsheviks Green and reactionary armies were Whites.

In George Orwell's book Animal Farm we get a totally wrong impression of the course of the Russian Revolution. The character of 'Old Major' represents either Marx or Lenin. Marx was long dead by the time of the February 1917 revolution. Lenin had nothing to do with it. Lenin launched his coup d'état later that year.

Most Russians supported the Socialist Revolutionaries, or at least most of the peasants did, who were the biggest group. The SRs were not Marxist. Some of them were foolish enough to support Lenin. Russian industrial workers and soldiers/sailors were as likely to support the Mensheviks (who were Marxists) or the Anarchists. The SRs supported the elected Constituent Assembly and formed their own government, quite legitimately.

The idea that the Bolsheviks were the one and only alternative to the Tsar, that they were the revolution, is wrong. It can only help the Communist cause. Animal Farm seems to be teaching us that Marx, Lenin and Trotsky were the good guys and it all got betrayed by Stalin. The reality is that the revolution was betrayed by Lenin and Trotsky in 1917.

Should you water your grape vine?

Opinion is divided on the subject. I say you shouldn't. Everyone else says you should.

The subject of watering is not as simple as most people think. One mistake that people make is thinking that they have thoroughly watered an area of ground but they have only wetted the top few inches. Plants will root into this surface layer. They become dependent on watering and will suffer if it is not consistent or otherwise inadequate.

Instead of watering little and often, water less frequently but more thoroughly. Don't water a big area every day, water a smaller area using just as much water. You can see if the water has sunk down to lower levels by using a trowel or your hands to dig down. Instead of watering four raised beds each day, water one each day in turn using the same amount of water.

If you must water a vine, do it this way. Infrequently but thoroughly. Use a trickle of water over a long period of time. The water will sink down deep and the roots can follow the water down. Instead of watering the surface, use a vertical pipe to to water into.

If you planted a vine you could at the same time install three vertical pipes. One a foot long near to the vine. One two feet long a bit further away. One three feet long or however deep your subsoil is. In the first year you could water into the short pipe, just to help the vine get established. The next year remove the pipe and water into the second one. The third year water into the longest. Hopefully the roots will grow deep and then it will find its own source of water.

If it is in a greenhouse or against a wall it may never find its own source of water deep down. So watering may still be beneficial. The same rules apply though, infrequent but thorough. I would do it only once; in June, July and August.

I wouldn't plant a vine in a greenhouse. Unless in was something special such as Muscat of Alexandria. Even then you can plant it outside the greenhouse but let it grow inside. They do not need to be protected from winter cold. They don't need high temperatures so in the summer open doors and vents. You can use the greenhouse to get them started earlier in spring and help the grapes to ripen in the autumn.

Some varieties - such as Muscat of Alexandria -  can suffer from fungal diseases like powdery mildew. Keep humidity down: this is achieved by opening doors and vents and also by pruning so you don't get a mass of foliage. Lack of water at the roots can also weaken a vine, so that could be one valid reason in favour of watering.

There are chemicals that can control fungal diseases. Copper compounds don't control powdery mildew, which is the worst of them. Fungi don't seem to like extremes of acidity or alkalinity. You can try sulphur to lower pH or use various sodium compounds to raise it. Just enough to affect the fungus but not so much as to damage the leaf (or your skin). Some people use dilute yogurt: it has to be something with lots of lactobacillus bacteria to increase acidity.

There are modern varieties that are resistant to fungal problems, early ripening so don't need a greenhouse or wall (even for dessert grapes), and have a looser bunch of grapes that don't require thinning. The muscat flavour and the 'strawberry' flavour are delicious.

Muscat of Alexandria and Siegerrebe have a good muscat flavour. Muscat bleu does too and is better in other ways. Fragola is one of the varieties with the 'strawberry' flavour (it doesn't really taste of strawberries - American grape soda tastes of it).

Some people are growing vines in containers. Obviously they will need watering. Feeding too. Otherwise I wouldn't. If I did I would water infrequently but thoroughly and use a low-nitrogen fertilizer once it has become established.

Another factor to take into account is whether you have sandy or clay soil. Mediterranean soils tend to be sandy or rocky, very free draining. What I suspect is that in Britain the deeper roots may die in winter. Then it would only have more surface roots. If so that could be another reason for watering.

People say that vines love watering. If a vine has surface roots only then sure it will respond to watering, and manuring too. You may well get a bigger crop if you irrigate. In California they are depleting the aquifer to irrigate almonds. I'm sure they get a bigger crop.

However almonds and vines can grow in dry conditions and will produce an adequate crop without lots of water and nitrogen. If an almond farmer in California can't make a profit and would go bust without irrigation then something needs to change. Maybe the farms need to be bigger or almonds need to cost a bit more. They are going to have to stop one day, when the aquifer runs out, so they may as well sort out the problem now.

new railway between China and Europe

For a long time Chinese manufactures have moved by sea to markets in Europe and America. Now a new rail route has been opened between an inland Chinese city (Chongqing) and Europe (Duisburg in Germany and soon Antwerp). The route goes through Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus and Poland.

Very large numbers of Chinese people have moved from inland China to coastal regions to take work in factories making goods destined for Europe and America. The new railway might do something to counter this trend. The route is quicker and cheaper than sending goods by sea.

Hans the unfortunate hippo

In 1945 the German city of Königsberg was conquered by the Russian Army. It had a zoo, but only four animals survived. One of them was a hippopotamus called Hans, found in a ditch. Hans had been injured and had not eaten for many days but was nurtured back to health.

The Russians expelled the German population and repopulated it with Russians, annexing it to Russia. The zoo was repopulated too, but Hans remained there and became a feature for many decades.

The Sulimov Dog - a dog/jackal hybrid

The Sulimov Dog (Russian: Собакa Сулимова) is a Russian Jackal-Dog Hybrid originating from an initial hybrid between a Lapponian Herder and a Turkmen golden jackal. The breed was introduced by Klim Sulimov, the chief breeder for Aeroflot airline security. The primary use of this breed has been to aid airport security as sniffer dogs.

During the breeding process male jackal pups had to be fostered on a Lapponian Herder bitch in order to imprint the Jackals on dogs. Female Jackals accepted male Huskies more easily. The half-bred Jackal-Dogs were hard to train and were bred back to Huskies to produce quarter-bred hybrids (quadroons). These hybrids were small, agile, trainable and had excellent noses. They were then called Sulimov Dogs after their creator and may one day be registered as a working breed of dog. Twenty-five Sulimov dogs are used by Aeroflot at Sheremetyevo Airport in Moscow, for functions which include bomb-sniffing. Their breeding program dates back to 1975, but was not applied to bomb detection until 2002.

Stalin King Crabs

The crabs were first transported to the Barents Sea in a plan hatched under Soviet dictator Josef Stalin. The aim was to provide a new food source for people working in the frozen far north.

Initial crab introduction attempts in the Barents Sea were unsuccessful, however. Scientists involved in the project say it wasn't until the 1960s, when only the biggest and strongest crabs were handpicked to make the journey to the U.S.S.R., that the crustacean became established.

Norwegian scientists say the crab, which can live up to 30 years, has broad tastes, eating everything from worms and mollusks to sea urchins and sea stars. They caution that the impact of these aliens on other marine life has yet to be established.

ancient plants

club moss, name generally used for the living species of the class Lycopodiopsida, a primitive subdivision of vascular plants. The Lycopodiopsida were a dominant plant group in the Carboniferous period, when they attained the size of trees, and contributed to the coal deposits then being formed. They are now considered relictual. Although they resemble the mosses, they are considered to be evolutionarily more advanced because they are vascular, that is they have specialized fluid-conducting tissues. Club mosses are usually creeping or epiphytic and often inhabit moist places, especially in tropical and subtropical forests. They reproduce by means of spores, either clustered into small cones or borne in the axils of the small scalelike leaves. The principal genera are Lycopodium and Selaginella.

Some species of Lycopodium are called ground pine or creeping cedar, especially those that resemble miniature hemlocks with flattened fan-shaped branches, and are often used for Christmas decorations. The spores of L. clavatum are gathered and sold as lycopodium powder, or vegetable sulfur, a highly inflammable yellow powder sometimes used for pharmaceutical purposes (e.g., as an absorptive powder) and in fireworks. Selaginella species, often incorrectly called Lycopodium, are occasionally grown as ornamentals. One of the best known is a resurrection plant.

Club mosses constitute the division Lycopodiophyta, class Lycopodiopsida. resurrection plant, name for several plants, usually of arid regions, that may apparently be brought back to life after they are dead. In reality they have hygroscopic qualities which cause them to curl up when dry and to unfold when moist. They are frequently sold in the dried condition as a novelty. The most common are the rose of Jericho and the bird's-nest moss, a club moss (Selaginella lepidophylla), native to Mexico and Texas, which has a rosette of flattened branches and is capable of growing if it has not been dry too long. It is also sold in Mexican markets for use as a diuretic. These plants are classified in the division Lycopodiophyta (club mosses).